The pea production in China is divided into autumn sowing area and spring sowing area. The harvest type is divided into dry peas and fresh peas. In recent years, importing 8-10 million tons of dried peas every year has led to a steady decline in the area of ​​dried peas in China; driven by domestic market demand, the area of ​​fresh peas is in a relatively fast growth channel. For the scientific guidance of pea production, the 2016 pea production technical guidance is proposed.
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Boiler tube - for pressure equipment, used at higher temperatures
Standards and steel grades,
Tube sizes acc. to EN, DIN, BS, NF A, UNI, STN, ÄŒSN and PN-H standards,
Tube sizes acc. to GOST and TU standards,
Tube sizes acc. to ANSI standards,
Tube sizes acc. to ASME standards,
Precision tube sizes.
Boiler tube is made from heat resisting carbon and low alloyed steels which can withstand the load at high pressure and temperature. Boiler tube is used for parts of energy type equipment such as boilers, steam superheaters, steam pipelines, etc. The tubes are supplied as hot rolled or cold drawn. Specifications, dimensions and the steel grades are shown in a separate overview.
Boiler tube dimensions and tolerances
The tube dimensions range from 10.2 mm to 139.7 mm, from 26.9 mm diameter and the wall thickness from 2.6 mm and they supplied as hot rolled. The smaller diameter tubes and the thick wall tubes of larger diameters are supplied as cold drawn and subsequently they are heat treated. The tubes delivery in this condition happens only if there is an agreement upfront at the time of ordering the tubes. Based on an agreement it is possible to deliver boiler tubes with dimensions and tolerances according to the dimensional specifications for precision tubes. The tube dimensions meet the requirements of the following EN 10216-2, DIN 2448, BS 3059-1, BS 3059-2, BS 3602-1, BS 3604-1, NF A 49-211, NF A 49-213, UNI 4991, STN 42 5715, STN 42 5716, ÄŒSN 425715, ÄŒSN 42 5716, GOST 8732, PN-H 74252, ANSI B36.10, ASME B36.10. The detailed dimensional overview is shown in the tables according to EN, DIN, BS, NF A, UNI, STN, ÄŒSN and PN-H standards, GOST standards, TU standards, ANSI standards, ASME standards and standards for precision tubes.
Length of the boiler tube
Diameter (OD) [mm] Wall (WT) [mm] Length (L) [m]
OD < 60,3 5 – 6
OD => 60,3 WT < 7,1 5 – 6 or 10 – 14 after an agreement 22,4
WT => 7,1 5 – 6
Types of the length of supplied tubes: (a) random, (b) fixed ± 500 m, (c) exact + 15 / - 0 mm.
Boiler tube straightness
Straightness deviation for the whole length of a tube can not exceed value of 0.0015 x L. In conversion to the 1 meter length it can not exceed 3 mm.
Ends of the boiler tubes
The ends of the tubes are vertical to the longitudinal axis and are without burrs.
Condition of the tubes surface
The tubes condition corresponds to the requirements of appropriate standards, heat treatment to the way of tube manufacturing and chemical composition of steel.
Marking of the tubes and tube bundles
The tubes with the outside diameter up to 51 mm are marked with a label that is attached to the bundle. Larger tubes are marked at least at a one end of a tube by the necessary data.
Surface protection of the boiler tubes
While ordering, it is necessary to agree upon the way and means of temporary protecting the surface of the tubes during transportation and storing. The tubes may be supplied without temporary preservation of the surface, or with the preservation of the surface with an agreed upon preservative.
Packaging of the boiler tubes
The tubes are supplied in packages with a circular or hexagonal diameter with weight of 300 to 3500 kilograms. The tubes are bound with a steel band. It is possible to arrange wrapping to plastic sheet, burlap or to wooden crates.
First, the southern winter sowing area dry pea production technology Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
The district includes Yunnan, Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, Hubei, Anhui, Jiangsu, Henan and other provinces (cities). Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
(1) Choosing a good seed Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
The region mainly uses the post-harvest slopes of the post-harvest dryland and winter orchards to grow peas. According to the market and the needs of large-scale production, choose the varieties that are suitable for local planting, test and demonstration, such as high quality, high yield, sorghum tolerance, cold tolerance, drought tolerance, disease resistance, suitable plant height, and insensitive to light and temperature. Suitable varieties in this area include Yunwan No.8, Yunwan No.23, Yunwan No.17, Yunwan No.4, Chengwan No.7, Chengwan No.8, Chengwan No.9, Zhongwan No.4 and Zhongwan No.6. , Qin Xuan No. 1, Suwan No. 3, Qiwan No. 1, Bijie Mawan, Mamaiwan, Dingwan No. 1, Haimen Baihua, Suwan No. 1, Suwan No. 2, Suwan No. 3, etc. Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
(II) Site Fertilization Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
Dried peas are often planted in intercropping, often with sweet potato, corn or in young orchards, with mechanical plows (to keep the soil moisture, preferably not deep plough), according to the width of 3-5 meters Ditching, the ditch is 30 cm wide and the ditch is 20 cm deep. The width of the raft and the depth of the ditch are adjusted according to the water supply and drainage conditions of the plot. The base fertilizer is generally based on farmyard manure, and 15-25 kg of mixed phosphate fertilizer is applied together. Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
(3) Suitable for planting Linyi Fertilizer Network
This area is generally planted after the harvest of the former crops such as corn, when the soil moisture is still good, and then planted. Sowing time is generally from the beginning of October to mid-November, not later than the end of November. The sowing can usually be done by mechanized striping or artificial seeding. Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
(4) Reasonable close planting Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
The production of peas in Daejeon is generally not seedling, and the sowing amount is the seeding density. Different varieties are used to design different kinds of seeds. Generally, semi-leaf-type varieties (such as Yunwan No. 8) have an abundance of 8 kg; dwarf varieties (such as Yunwan No. 4 and Zhongwan No. 4) are 10 kg. Variety (such as Yunwan 17) 7 kg. When the seeding is carried out, the line spacing is 35-40 cm, and the plant spacing is 10-15 cm; Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
(5) Field Management Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
The first is reasonable irrigation and drainage. Grab the seeding and ensure that the whole seedling is the key to pea cultivation. From late September to late October, timely use of rainfall and favorable weathering should be carried out in time. If the soil moisture is insufficient after sowing, the seedling water should be watered in time, and the flowering period should be timely watered to avoid serious water loss during the flowering period, which will greatly reduce the pod-forming rate and greatly reduce the pod-forming period. The situation is based on soil moisture. Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
The second is weed control. Spraying chemical herbicides for 3-5 days of sowing, generally use acetochlor preparations, etc., should be sprayed evenly on the surface of the soil, avoid leakage or re-spray, so as to avoid bad efficacy or local phytotoxicity, avoid Spray before rain or in windy weather. Artificial weeding and loose soil cultivation before the bud stage to improve soil nutrient flow supply and promote nutrient uptake by plants. Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
The third is pest control. In the early stage of powdery mildew, 15% triazolone wettable powder or 15% diniconol wettable powder l00 g water 50 kg, spray control, according to the condition of prevention and treatment 1-2 times. At the beginning of the onset of rust, 50% powder rusting wettable powder 1000 times liquid spray was used for prevention and control, and after 7 days, it was prevented once again for 2 times. The first control of aphids and leaf miners exceeds 1500. It can be sprayed with 10% imidacloprid 3000-4000 times solution or 24.5% green worm emulsifiable concentrate 1200 times solution (or other pyrethroid pesticides). Control once a week, continuous control 2-3 times, and prevent peas. Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
The fourth is the right harvest. Dry grain harvesting is mainly concentrated in late April to early May, when 80% of the plant pods appear to be yellow when the harvest begins. Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
Second, the northern spring sowing area dry pea production technology Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
The district includes Qinghai, Gansu, Hebei, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Shandong and other provinces (districts). Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
(1) Choosing a good seed Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
Suitable varieties in this area are: grassland 224, grassland 276, grassland 22, grassland 23, grassland 24, grassland 25, grassland 26, grassland 28, Dingwan 4, Dingwan 5, Dingwan 6 , Dingwan No.7, Bawan No.1, Zhangzhangwan No.2, Eight Peas, Advance No.1, Dingbian Ma Pea, Dingbian White Pea, Yuwan No.1, Zhongwan No.6, Kewan No.4, Liaojing No. 1, WZ-46, PQ72, PQ88, Haimen White Flower, etc. Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
(II) Site Fertilization Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
Choose wheat, potato, oil crops, sputum, flat terrain, deep soil layer, fertility in the middle of the land, easy to drain the season, easy to keep water in the dry season. After the previous harvest, it will be turned over in time and the depth of the ploughing is 15-25 cm. It is required to have the same depth of cultivation, no ploughing and ploughing, and the ploughing is neat, and the mature soil is used to receive rainwater. After the autumn rain, timely smashing and pressing, improve soil water retention capacity, maintain soil moisture, make the soil loose and moist, retain water and fertilizer, help deep rooting and enhance the activity of rhizobium. Fertilization should follow the principle of “application of organic fertilizer, re-application of nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus addition, supplementation of nitrogen fertilizer, and application of potassium fertilizerâ€. Combined with autumn turn or spring turn, the application of organic fertilizer 2000-3000 kg can improve soil structure, improve soil water retention and improve ventilation, promote root tumor growth, and improve the activity of rhizobium. Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
(3) Suitable for planting Linyi Fertilizer Network
Spring top seeding is the primary factor to ensure high yield and stable yield of spring peas in the north. The temperature of the local table is stable through 5 ° C. When the soil is thawed 12-15 cm, the soil is timely sowed, the soil moisture is fully absorbed, and the seedlings are early and can pass the low temperature vernalization. In the stage, the vegetative growth period is extended to lay the foundation for high yield. The northwestern provinces, Inner Mongolia, and Hebei dams are generally suitable for the spring peas season from the end of March to the beginning of May. Other provinces are generally from the end of February to the end of March. Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
(4) Reasonable close planting Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
The area is suitable for a mu planting amount of 12-17.5 kg, and an acreage of 50,000 to 60,000 plants is suitable. Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
(5) Field Management Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
The first is to sow seedlings. Mechanical or manual seeding. The sowing depth is 6-8 cm, the row spacing is 20-25 cm, and the plant spacing is 5-6 cm. It is required that the thickness of the covering soil is uniform, the seeds are uniform, the emergence is neat, and the weeding is convenient. In the case of severe spring drought, the seeds can fully absorb the deep water of the soil, and expand early and germinate early. Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
The second is cultivating and weeding. Seedling period 1-2 times, seedling height 5-7 cm (3-4 pieces of true leaves) when the head grass, mainly loose soil; seedling height 10-13 cm (7-8 pieces of true leaves) when the grass, to Weeding is dominant. At the flowering stage and the pod stage, the grass was weeded 1-2 times depending on the weeds in the field. Interplanting and weeding is good for eliminating weeds and loose soils, and creating a good soil environment for plant growth and nodule development. Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
The third is pest control. Severe plots of underground pests are treated with high-efficiency and low-toxic pesticides prior to sowing. In the early stage of the damage of the leaf miner (when the white worm is present in the leaves), the high-efficiency and low-toxic insecticide is used for prevention and control, and the control is carried out once every 5-7 days, and the 3-5 times is continuously controlled when the insect condition is serious. Reasonable rotations can effectively prevent root rot. In the dry land of the dry land, the rats can be poisoned by mixing the original grain and the rodenticide, and the bait is changed once every 3-5 days for 5-7 times. Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
The fourth is the right harvest. In the middle and lower parts of the plant, the leaves are yellow, 70%-80% of the pods are yellow, and the pods are selected to be harvested or harvested manually when the pods are slightly wet before noon. Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
Third, the southern winter sowing area fresh pea production technology Linyi fertilizer network copyright
The region includes Yunnan, Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, Hubei, Anhui, Jiangsu, Henan and other provinces (cities). Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
(1) Choosing a good seed Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
This area is suitable for vegetable varieties, including peas, peas, sweet and crispy peas, and tender peas. Specifically, longevity peas, pods, peas, peas, peas, peas, peas, peas, peas, peas, peas, peas, peas, peas, peas, peas, peas, peas, peas, peas, peas, peas, peas, peas, peas, peas , Zhongwan No.5, Minnan vegetable pea, Chengwan No.8, Taiwan Xiaobaihua, Suwan No.4, etc. Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
(II) Site Fertilization Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
Refer to the southern winter sowing area. Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
(3) Suitable for planting Linyi Fertilizer Network
Refer to the southern winter sowing area. Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
(4) Reasonable close planting Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
The dwarf type varieties (such as Zhongwan No.4) have a sowing amount of 8-10 kg, and the semi-vine varieties (such as Changshou peas and pods peas No. 1) 6-7 kg, and the vine-type varieties (such as Qizhen 76) The amount is 4-5 kg. The dwarf type has a row spacing of 30-30 cm, a nest distance of 15-20 cm, 3-4 capsules per litter, and an acreage of 3.0-35,000 plants; the semi-vine-type variety has a row spacing of 35-40 cm and a nest of 20 cm. 3-4 seeds of high-quality seed, 2.0-3.0 million plants per mu; vine-type varieties generally net small spacing 30-40 cm, plant spacing 20 cm, large row spacing 80-100 cm, 2 seedlings per litter, 1.2-mu planting 15,000 plants. Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
(5) Field Management Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
First, rational fertilization. Apply enough base fertilizer, according to the seedlings, pay attention to top dressing and root dressing (foliar fertilizer). Apply 2,000 kg of organic fertilizer (farm fertilizer) and 15-25 kg of phosphate fertilizer as base fertilizer, and apply 10-15 kg of urea in the pod stage. The base fertilizer is applied during the preparation of the ground, and the seedling fertilizer is applied 15-20 days after emergence, and the flower pod fertilizer is applied during the flower-pod stage. Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
The second is timely irrigation. Irrigation at the seedling stage ensures that the whole seedling is the key to pea cultivation; the flowering period-starting pod period depends on soil moisture irrigation. Irrigation is necessary to keep the soil moist, and it is forbidden to use water and soil. Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
The third is to erect the vines. The vine-type varieties need to be framed to facilitate the plant to climb, improve the ventilation and light transmission conditions, and improve the photosynthetic efficiency. When the plant height is 20-30 cm, the scaffolding is started. The scaffolding material is suitable for bamboo rafts. The adult frame or the door frame is used. The height is 2.0 meters, the frame distance is 2.5 meters, and the string is drawn between the frames. The rope is 15-20 cm from the ground. After pulling a string every 20-30 cm, it takes about 3-5 layers. Throughout the growth period, fresh peas should be kept upright and often artificially pulled. Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
The fourth is the prevention and control of pests and diseases. Refer to the southern winter sowing area. Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
The fifth is the right harvest. The tender pods are harvested when the young pods are fully grown and the granules have not yet begun to be harvested; the green peas are harvested when the pods are full and the umbilical color of the seeds is yellow; the tender tips are harvested before flowering. Receive a tender tip. Mainly for artificial picking, pea stems are relatively fragile, and plant damage should be avoided as much as possible during harvesting. Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
Fourth, the northern spring sowing area fresh pea production technology Linyi fertilizer network copyright
The area includes Gansu, Hebei, Shaanxi, Liaoning, Shandong and other provinces. Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
(1) Choosing a good seed Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
Suitable varieties in this area include green peas, peas, sweet and crispy peas, and tender peas, including special 604, Acacia 66, Qizhen 76, X9002, pod sweet and crispy peas No. 3, pearl green, Zhongwan 5 No.1, Zhongwan No.6, No.1, No.1, No.1, No.1, Taichung No.1 (Black Eyebrow), Safran No.1, New Zealand No.3, Kewan No.5, Kewan No.6, etc. Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
(2) Preparing Linyi Fertilizer Network before broadcasting
Site preparation and timely sowing refer to the northern spring sowing area. Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
(3) Reasonable close planting Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
The semi-propagated variety has a sowing amount of 10-15 kg, a vine variety of 8-12 kg, and a seedling of 30,000-60,000. Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
(4) Field Management Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
Seeding with a small planter or manual trenching. Semi-propagated varieties generally use strips, line spacing 25 Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
-30 cm, plant spacing 5-6 cm. The vine species can be used for strip or on-demand, with a line spacing of 40-50 cm, a plant spacing of 5-6 cm or a hole spacing of 15-20 cm, 3-4 grains per hole, and a seeding depth of 6-8 cm. It is required that the thickness of the covering soil is uniform, the seeds are uniform, the emergence is neat, and the hoeing is convenient. Other management measures refer to the northern spring broadcast area. Linyi Fertilizer Network Copyright
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