In 2011 , China supervised and spot- checked 465 major categories of fire protection products in construction projects in 10 categories , with an average sampling rate of 81.5 %; in 2012 , 61 samples of 61 fire-fighting hose products produced by 61 enterprises in 13 provinces and municipalities directly under the Central Government were sampled. pass rate of 86.9%; in 2013 to nine provinces and municipalities of the 56 companies produced 56 batches of fire emergency lighting products to conduct random checks pass rate of 82.1%; in 2014, in 10 provinces (city) 57 companies The qualified rate of 57 batches of fire emergency lighting supervision and spot checks was 84.2 %. 53 batches of fire hoses produced by 53 enterprises in 11 provinces ( cities ) were subject to supervision and inspection, and the passing rate was 88.7 %. From the above data, it can be seen that the quality of fire protection products in our country has basically shown a trend of stable improvement, but as a product related to public safety, such a pass rate is far from enough. How to effectively supervise and administer firefighting products and improve the quality assurance system of firefighting products in China is an urgent problem to be solved in the firefighting product industry. 2014 September 1 onwards China 's fire products introduced compulsory certification system of market access, the conversion from the existing certification, type approval and type test to compulsory certification mode, which is an important manifestation of the progress of supervision and management of fire protection products . However, compared with foreign countries, there are still many problems and deficiencies in China's fire protection product supervision and management. 1 Status Quo of China's Fire Product Quality Supervision and Management 1.1 The legal system is incomplete The legal system related to fire protection products in China has initially formed the “PRC Product Quality Law†( hereinafter referred to as the “Product Quality Law†) , the “PRC Certification and Accreditation Regulations,†and the “PRC Fire Protection Law†( hereinafter referred to as “ fire Act ") as a leader," fire inspection requirements, "" fire protection products supervision and management regulations "," fire product technical appraisal norms "and" compulsory product certification regulations, "and other laws and regulations for the legal system architecture. However, the current relevant laws and regulations focus on the supervision and management of fire products is not specific enough, and its implementation is poor. The “Fire Supervision and Inspection Regulations†are mainly directed at the overall situation of fire protection and the integrity of fire protection facilities, and are less concerned with the quality supervision of fire protection facilities and fire protection products. For professional firefighting products, we need to go to a designated testing organization to make scientific judgments. In actual firefighting law enforcement, only the index files and some basic performance of firefighting products are often inspected, and it is not effective to find all the firefighting products. defect. The "Regulations on the Supervision and Administration of Fire Protection Products" makes detailed provisions on the market prospects for fire protection products, but the supervision and management regulations on the quality of fire protection products are still relatively general and not detailed enough. Judging from the actual effect of supervision and inspection, on the one hand, quality supervision and industry and commerce departments at all levels lack corresponding management experience and specific management methods in the supervision and management of fire products, and at the same time lack professional management personnel and professional equipment, and it is difficult to effectively carry out supervision. On the other hand, after the fire safety supervision department issues product quality problems discovered in the use field to the quality supervision and industry and commerce departments, the cases are often not effectively dealt with due to difficulties in collecting evidence and the illegal investigation of illegal activities by foreign manufacturers. Public security fire control agencies only play a role in coordinating and supervising the use of units. They are unable to fundamentally combat unqualified products. Compared with foreign countries, China's fire protection laws, regulations, and fire protection product standards lag behind, a standard. It may be used for more than ten years and it is far from meeting the needs of the rapid development of the fire protection products industry. 1.2 Lack of professional fire supervision and management personnel At this stage, China's market access management system for fire protection products. For the Fire Safety Products Conformity Assessment Center of the Ministry of Public Security, the designated accreditation laboratory is affiliated to four fire protection research institutes. These institutions have undertaken mandatory certification of all fire protection products in China. However, the responsibility for supervision and management in the follow-up production, sales, and use of fire products is often attributed to the fire departments of provinces and municipalities. The real problem is that the personnel of the fire protection products supervision and management departments of provinces and municipalities directly under the Central Government have limited personnel strength. They cannot fully carry out the supervision and management of fire products, and it is difficult to truly discover the quality of fire products. The personnel of the fire protection department in China practice the "military service" instead of "professionalization." Many personnel responsible for the supervision and management of fire product quality lack professional fire protection knowledge and related laws and regulations, and have not experienced professional training in the process of fire product quality supervision and management. It is only based on the procedures, it is difficult to judge the quality of fire products. At the same time, there are more types of firefighting products, and the scientific and technological content has been continuously improved. The materials and functional principles of the products are more complex. It is difficult to determine the pros and cons of the products and the use of fire-fighting products is only determined by the fire supervision department. Especially large, it is difficult to carry out all supervision and management. In addition, from the point of view of the deployment of national fire supervision personnel, a county with an average of no more than four fire supervision cadres , the fire department, a large workload, manpower shortage, it is difficult to train professional fire product supervision personnel. Moreover, China does not have a commissioning mechanism. This makes it possible for one person in the fire department to be responsible for multiple businesses and it is difficult to focus on the firefighting products themselves. 1.3 Insufficient funds and lack of testing resources The "Product Quality Law" clearly stipulates the supervision and random inspection of products, and the expenses are included in the special funds expenditure by the State Council. All of China's firefighting funds are financed by the government, and in areas with different levels of economic development, there is a huge gap in their investment in firefighting funds. At present, the distribution mechanism of China's firefighting funds is still not perfect, resulting in a large gap in testing facilities for fire-fighting product testing agencies and a serious shortage of talents, restricting the supervision and management as well as the inspection work. 1.4 The lack of awareness of fire safety in our society as a whole Fire-fighting products are highly specialized products with high technical threshold and large investment in R&D. Many SMEs do not have sufficient funds and talents to invest in research and development. They often use other people’s technological achievements, and the quality of manufactured products is difficult to guarantee. Fire-fighting products are ready to use, and users often find it difficult to find product quality problems. In addition, production companies lack sense of social responsibility and cannot correctly realize the social harm of hidden dangers. In recent years, fire-fighting product quality violation cases have been produced and sold as unlicensed products from “underground dark densâ€, and developed into formal enterprises relying on complete certificates to cover and produce and sell counterfeit and inferior products. At the same time, many use units are pursuing economic interests one-sidedly, and fire-fighting facilities are equipped to meet the inspections of fire control agencies. When selecting fire-fighting products, prices are mainly considered, and quality is not considered. Many people’s fire-fighting facilities have no personnel to operate and maintain. It is not good, and its value cannot be achieved in the event of a fire. 2 Characteristics of supervision and management of fire protection products in developed countries 2.1 United States 2.1.1 American Fire Products Recall System At present, the United States has formed a complete and complete system for the recall of fire products. For fire-fighting products, if they do not meet the national standards for fire-fighting products or relevant bans, or if the products are defective and may cause unusually dangerous situations of personal injury or death, they fall into the category of recalled products. The United States has classified the defects of fire products in detail, such as design defects, production defects, indication defects, and development defects. Product recalls are divided into voluntary recalls and forced recalls. Part of the voluntary recalls was initiated by user complaints. Most of the recalls were made by the fire department in charge of finding problems through supervision and management. Forced recall means that the fire department in charge finds defective fire-fighting products and forcibly enforces recalls by the manufacturer. Regardless of whether it is voluntary or mandatory, the law has given the fire control authority the right to supervise. Once the US fire protection agency finds defects in the fire protection products during daily supervision and management, it reports to the Consumer Product Safety Commission of the United States that the Consumer Product Safety Commission of the United States issued recall information through a prescribed route. It should be noted that the US fire product recall system and product certification system complement each other. Whether the product is defective or not is based on the technical certification of the relevant organization as the basis for judgment, and is recalled under the supervision and management of the government fire department. When recalling a firefighting product, the firefighting department requires the product provider to bear all or part of the cost and assume corresponding legal liability. At the same time, it provides the basis for the supervision and management of the fire department in the legal system, reduces the cost and difficulty of the supervision and management of the fire department, and forms an integrated supervision and management system. 2.1.2 American Fire Products Supervision and Management Model In the United States, standards for fire protection products are jointly studied, discussed, revised and prepared by fire protection experts and social organizations ( groups ) , and then released after implementation by the government. For example, the American Fire Protection Association (NFPA), which is authoritative in the United States and the world, has developed a series of standards for fire protection products that provide technical protection for the supervision and management of fire protection products in the United States. The daily supervision and management of fire-fighting products and facilities in the United States is performed by the local fire brigade and personnel are adequate; personnel engaged in the supervision and management of fire-fighting products have received professional training and have professional knowledge of fire-fighting product inspection and appraisal to ensure the supervision and management of fire-fighting products. Professionalism and feasibility. 2.2 Japan The Japanese Fire Protection Law clearly stipulates that professional firefighting work can be entrusted to relevant qualified personnel or agencies to assist in the completion, including the inspection of firefighting tools and equipment, the management of fire protection objects, and firefighting facilities and equipment. Strengthen supervision and so on. Those who are required to engage in firefighting work in Japan are required to obtain corresponding qualifications in accordance with the law, such as qualifications of firefighting equipment, qualifications for management of fire prevention objects, and qualifications for fire control object inspection. There are many Japanese firefighting social groups, such as the Japan National Fire Protection Association, the Japan Fire Identification Association, the Japan Fire Society, and the World Champions Firefighting Alliance. A lot of firefighting work is based on these institutions or organizations. Among them, the Japan Fire Appraisal Association is responsible for the inspection, appraisal, and commissioned tests of fire products. As a government-funded non-profit organization, it provides professional guidance for Japan's fire protection product supervision and management. These qualification systems and authoritative fire protection organizations constitute Japan's perfect fire product quality supervision and management system. 2.2.1 Japanese fire professional qualification system The Japanese Fire Fighting Equipment System was implemented in 1966. Japan's Fire Fighting Law stipulates that firefighting equipment professionals have the ability to perform testing, construction, commissioning, and maintenance of fire-fighting products such as fire-fighting equipment, fire alarm equipment, and rescue facilities. Firefighting equipment engineers pass the designated exams to obtain qualification certificates and conduct business according to different levels. The Fire Protection Law of Japan stipulates that the owner of a fire protection object should designate a fire protection manager and a fire protection object inspection inspector to carry out regular inspections and supervision. The fire protection object manager shall be a full-time firefighter with a certain level of education and fire supervision and management work experience. Whether it is a firefighting equipment manager or a fire protection object manager, it can be either a fire protection object worker or a qualified person from a relevant organization. Japan's "Fire Protection Law" has detailed provisions on the relevant entrustment system to ensure the smooth implementation of the supervision and management of fire protection products. 2.2.2 Japanese fire product periodic inspection report system Japan's "Fire Protection Law" stipulates a system of periodic inspections and reporting during firefighting work. It specifies the qualifications of inspection personnel, the contents of inspections, inspection periods, and implementation methods. Japan's inspection report system includes spot checks on firefighting facilities and inspection of fire-fighting objects. The operator of the inspection system shall have the professional qualification for fire protection and shall stipulate that the operation, appearance and performance of the fire fighting equipment shall be checked once every six months, and the fire equipment shall be comprehensively and comprehensively inspected every year. After the inspection, the responsible person or manager reports to the fire control department. The contents of the report and the time of the report are clearly stipulated by relevant laws and regulations. On the basis of the inspection, the Japanese fire department will perform spot checks on units that have not submitted inspection reports on fire equipment and reports that are not true. Once a problem is found, it will be punished according to relevant laws. The regular fire inspection report system in Japan is guaranteed by sound laws and regulations. The fire department may implement the supervision and management system in accordance with the law, and the person conducting the inspection may punish those responsible for the unqualified fire control facilities according to law. The implementation of this system is carried out through the signing of relevant contracts between the fireproof object owner and the firefighting technical institution, which not only provides professional strength for the supervision and management of the fire protection department, but also ensures the economic benefits of the inspection quality of the qualifications and socializes the supervision and management of fire protection products. 3 Enlightenment and Reflections on the Supervision and Management of Fire Products in China 3.1 learn from foreign experience 3.1.1 Establishing a fire entrustment system Drawing on the socialized model of fire supervision and management in developed countries such as the United States and Japan, the system of fire protection associations with the fire protection association as the core is constructed by perfecting the institutional system of the China Fire Protection Association. Social fire supervision and management takes the government fire department as the supervision and management institution, and the fire protection associations and other social organizations as the entrusted institutions, so that the social groups can undertake more inspection and supervision of fire protection products. Combining with the construction of fire safety products quality monitoring stations and fire laboratories in all provinces in China, the right to test fire protection products is delegated to all provinces. While developing the fire entrustment system, we will accelerate the integration of fire protection into the social insurance system to form a socialized fire management model. 3.1.2 Implementation of the entire monitoring mode of fire products Through perfecting the laws and regulations of fire product supervision and management, the recall system of fire products is introduced into China and combined with the characteristics of China's fire protection industry to form a complete monitoring system for the supervision of fire products in China. Define the respective responsibilities and obligations of fire protection products in production, sales, and use, and implement a legal recall system for defects and counterfeit fire protection products, clarifying the civil liability for compensation and legal liability for production and sales defects and counterfeit products. The government's fire department, social organizations, professional agencies, intermediary agencies, and people's forces are mobilized to form a complete monitoring system. 3.2 According to the characteristics of our country, perfect the fire product supervision and management system 3.2.1 Improve the identity management of fire protection products Improve the identity management of fire protection products, establish a relevant legal system, recall mechanism, and ensure that the entire supervision and management system for fire protection products is complete, effective, and reliable. After establishing a complete identity information management system, it is necessary to educate and publicize the public to form a focus on such special products as fire-fighting products, and improve the public's ability to discriminate. Establish firefighting product data The library, together with the identity information management system, serves as a public inquiry platform. Improve the supervision and management of fire protection products published information and reporting system __ the same time. 3.2.2 Improve the credit evaluation system for fire product industry The first is to clarify the specific content of the credit product industry's credit evaluation work through legislation, and to realize the legalization from the aspects of evaluation agencies, evaluation qualifications, evaluation procedures, evaluation indicators, and the release of credit ratings; second is to establish a standardized database of fire protection product credit information and establish Multi-sector cooperative cooperation mechanism; third is to develop credit product tracking and early warning measures, and establish a corresponding credit reward and punishment mechanism; Fourth, strengthen the credit product culture of the fire product industry, and promote the continuous improvement of the industry's credit awareness. 3.2.3 Clear Multisectoral Collaborative Cooperation Mechanism From the legal system, the responsibility for the supervision and management of fire products in the examination and approval, production, sales, use, and other aspects shall be clarified, and a sound and effective supervision and management system shall be formed. At the same time, the public security fire control department shall further negotiate with the quality inspection and industry and commerce departments to form a perfect cooperation, which must ensure the sharing of related information and also exert their respective advantages to form a dead-end supervision and management of fire products. The industry and commerce departments shall strictly produce and sell the information registration of enterprises; public security agencies shall gradually improve the training of professional firefighters in firefighting product production and sales personnel; the public security department shall, in conjunction with the annual inspection system of the industry and commerce departments, formulate firefighting training qualification inspection and evaluation systems; The supervisory department shall give full play to its own resource advantages in conjunction with the public security fire department to carry out normalized fire protection products Sampling system. 3.3 Implementation of the Fire Law, Standards and Education Promotion Through the law, social forces are mobilized to jointly carry out fire supervision and management. Through the law, the responsibility for the supervision and management of fire products shall be clarified, and the responsibilities and obligations of the production and sales personnel of fire protection products shall be clarified, and the penalties for violation of relevant regulations shall be clearly defined. Based on the principles of top-down and step-by-step refinement, China's fire protection legal system is constructed. Widely absorb social forces and jointly revise fire protection products The related standard specifications make the standard specification more applicable and operational. A variety of firefighting product education and propaganda have been formed to raise the awareness of the society in basic skills for firefighting product identification, complaints, and reporting of unqualified firefighting products. This article comes from 36safety. 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