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The elemental symbol of potassium is k. Potassium and nitrogen are the two most important elements of all nutrient elements. Although potassium is not a component of plant structural components, it is one of the most important elements in plant physiological activities.
The physiological function of potassium is multifaceted. Potassium is closely related to plant water. It can maintain the water content of the cells to affect the cell expansion pressure, make the plants stand upright; it can also adjust the degree of stomatal opening and control the transpiration. Potassium acts on long-distance transport of water and various assimilates in plants. It can improve the drought resistance of plants. Potassium is responsible for maintaining the acid-base balance in the cells and maintaining balance with various organic and inorganic acids (chloride, sulfate, etc.). Potassium is an activator of more than 60 enzymes.
Potassium is essential for cell growth. It enhances cell wall thickness and makes crops resistant to lodging and disease. In cold weather, a large amount of potassium ions enter the cells and together with the sugars enhance the cold tolerance of the plants. Potassium can increase the rate of flowering fruit set, prevent falling flowers and fruit, and can also stimulate flowers. Potassium can promote early flowering and early maturity of crops. Potassium is known as a quality element because it has a significant effect on improving the quality of fruits and vegetables and extending the shelf life.
Plants absorb potassium in the form of potassium ions. Potassium is mainly concentrated in straws and leaves, and there are fewer seeds.
Potassium is highly active in plants, and it is easy to transfer from aging tissues to young tissues. Potassium-deficient plants firstly have yellow leaves and leaves on the tips and leaves of the old leaves, and gradually spread to the interlobular tissues. The symptoms are from the lower leaves to the upper part. The leaves spread.
Potassium excess is very rare. Excessive potassium plants have smaller fruits. Sometimes excessive potassium can cause calcium deficiency and magnesium deficiency.
Potassium is generally circulated in the soil-plant-animal world. The herbivores enter more potassium than the food grains enter the animal. The minerals that provide potassium in the soil are mainly feldspar and mica, which are decomposed by microbial activities to release water-soluble potassium ions. Conditions such as soil temperature, humidity, aeration, pH, and microbial population affect the rate and amount of potassium release. The water-soluble potassium ions are easily adsorbed and fixed on the soil clay, and the leaching loss is not much. If potassium fertilizer is not absorbed and utilized in time, it will be fixed in the soil and will be used after the microorganisms are decomposed.
The potassium content of organic fertilizers is generally not high. The relatively high potassium content is crop straw compost and herbivore feces, and chicken manure contains low potassium.
Potash mines exist in the form of underground solid salt deposits and dead lakes, brines in the Dead Sea, in the form of chlorides, sulfates and nitrates.
Potassium chloride fertilizer is directly extracted from salt mines and brines at low cost, with large production in Canada and Russia. Potassium chloride fertilizer will leave chlorine ions in the soil, and it is not suitable to use chlorine crops. Long-term use of potassium chloride fertilizer is likely to cause an increase in soil salt index, causing soil calcium deficiency, compaction, and acidification, and should be combined with lime and calcium fertilizer. Most other potash production is related to potassium chloride.
Potassium sulphate fertilizer will leave sulfate ions in the soil. Long-term use will easily lead to an increase in soil salt index, stagnation and acidification. It should be combined with lime and calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer.
Potassium sulphate should not be applied in paddy fields because the redox potential is low in the flooded state, and the sulfate ions are easily reduced to sulfides, which causes the plant roots to be poisoned and blackened.
Potassium nitrate fertilizer is the most suitable potash for all plants to absorb and utilize. Its salt index is very low and there are no residual ions. Its nitrogen to potassium weight ratio is 1:3, which is exactly the ratio of nitrogen and potassium nutrient absorption in various crops. Potassium nitrate has good solubility and can be applied not only by irrigation but also by foliar application. The preparation of nutrient solution is generally inseparable from potassium nitrate.
For historical reasons, the current potassium content of fertilizers is generally expressed in terms of potassium oxide equivalent. To be converted into pure potassium, it must be converted: potassium oxide × 0.83 = pure potassium; pure potassium × 1.2 = potassium oxide.
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