Generally, Spring steel can be produced by electric furnace, open hearth furnace or oxygen converter; high quality spring steel with good quality or special performance can be refined by electroslag furnace or vacuum furnace. In the spring steel, the main content of carbon, manganese, silicon and other major elements is narrow, and the chemical composition must be strictly controlled during smelting. When the silicon content is high, defects such as bubbles are easily formed, and white spots are easily generated when the steel ingot is cooled after the forging. Therefore, the raw materials used for smelting must be dried to remove gases and inclusions as much as possible, and to avoid overheating of molten steel. Spring steel must pay special attention to decarburization and surface quality during rolling. When the steel surface is severely decarburized, the fatigue limit of the steel is significantly reduced. For high silicon spring steels such as 70Si3MnA, care should be taken to avoid graphitization. Therefore, the temperature of the stop rolling should not be too low (≥850 °C) during hot working to avoid excessive residence time in the temperature range (650-800 °C) where graphitization is easy to form. After the spring is made, the shot peening can produce residual compressive stress on the surface of the spring to offset some of the working stress on the surface layer and suppress the formation of cracks in the surface layer, which can significantly increase the fatigue limit of the spring.
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