In the process of crop cultivation and urban greening, due to the use of chemical fertilizers in successive years, not only the soil compaction, the reduction of fertilizer efficiency, but also the environment are polluted. Therefore, fertilizer has been listed as one of the three sources of pollution in agriculture. The development of microbial fertilizers can not only provide new sources of fertilizer for agricultural production, but also alleviate the problem of chemical fertilizer pollution.
Microbial fertilizer, commonly known as bacterial fertilizer, referred to as bacterial fertilizer. It is a microbial agent that separates beneficial microorganisms from the soil and is artificially selected and bred. Microbial fertilizer belongs to a kind of auxiliary fertilizer, and its kind includes rhizobium agent, nitrogen-fixing bacteria agent, phosphorus bacteria fertilizer, potassium bacteria fertilizer, silicate bacterial fertilizer, antibiotic fertilizer and root fungus inoculant. The mechanism of action, application methods and precautions for use are described below:
First, the mechanism of action
1. Increase crop nutrition. One of the most important varieties of microbial fertilizer is Rhizobium fertilizer. After application, Rhizobium can infect legume roots and form nodules on its roots. Rhizobium bacteria living in nodules can nitrogen in the air. The molecule is converted into ammonia, which is converted into high-quality nitrogen that can be absorbed by glutamic acid plants to meet the demand for nitrogen in legumes. Phosphorus bacterial fertilizers, on the one hand, decompose organic phosphides in the soil by phosphatase, and on the other hand, through the metabolism of microorganisms, produce inorganic and organic acids to dissolve inorganic phosphides. Potassium bacterial fertilizers, mainly through the production of acidic substances in the metabolism of potassium bacteria, promote the decomposition of potassium-containing minerals, thereby releasing potassium ions. In the process of metabolism, silicate bacterial fertilizer releases a large amount of inorganic and organic acidic substances, promotes the release and sequestration of trace elements such as silicon, aluminum, iron, magnesium and molybdenum in the soil, and improves the supply of nutrients in the soil. The vA mycorrhizal fungi can be symbiotic with a variety of plant roots, and the fungal silk can absorb a lot of nutrients for plant absorption and utilization, and the absorption of phosphorus is most obvious. Such mycorrhizal fungi also have an enhanced absorption effect on elements such as zinc, copper, calcium and the like which have poor mobility and slow movement in the soil.
2. Stimulate and regulate plant growth. Microbial fertilizers can produce metabolites beneficial to plants during the growth and reproduction process after application. For example, silicate bacterial fertilizer can promote the production of gibberellin, auxin and other active substances; nitrogen-fixing fertilizer can secrete vitamin B1 and vitamin B2. , vitamin B12 and phthalic acid auxin, etc., these growth stimulants have a certain regulation and promotion of crop growth and development.
3. Reduce or reduce plant pests and diseases. Microbial fertilizers can induce plant peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, lipoxygenase, chitinase, β-1,3-glucanase, etc. Defense response is conducive to disease prevention and disease resistance. Some microbial species have the function of secreting antibiotics, inhibiting or killing pathogenic fungi and bacteria, making it difficult for pathogenic microorganisms to grow and reproduce, thereby reducing the occurrence of crop diseases and insect pests.
4. Enhance drought resistance. Microbial fertilizers can increase the absorption of water by increasing the amount of water in the roots of crops, so that the drought resistance of crops can be improved.
5. Improve crop quality. After the use of microbial fertilizers, the amount of chemical fertilizers is reduced, and the quality of agricultural products is improved. Some microbial fertilizers can increase the vitamin C, sugar and amino acid content of the product.
Second, the application method
1. Seed dressing. The surface of the seed is sprayed with water first, then the seeds are placed in the bacterial fertilizer and stirred, so that the surface of the seed is evenly filled with the fertilizer to be sown.
2. Nursery. When making bed-type or tray-type seedlings, the bacteria fertilizer can be mixed into the nursery soil for 3 days and then put into a seedbed or put into a seedling tray; when making nutrient-based seedlings, the bacteria fertilizer should be evenly mixed with the nutrient soil, and then Made into nutrition.
3. Cave application. Mix the bacterial fertilizer with the moist fine soil first, apply it to the transplanted or transplanted holes, and then transplant the seedlings or transplant the seedlings.
4. Roots. Add the appropriate amount of fine fertilizer and water to the slurry, and dip the transplanted or cut seedlings in the mud for a few minutes, then transplant or transplant with the pulp.
5. Follow up. The bacterial fertilizer is formulated into an aqueous solution of the bacterial fertilizer, and is poured into a shallow ditch between the crop rows or around the fruit trees, and the soil is covered after the pouring.
6. Spray. Some liquid bacterial fertilizers can be used as foliar fertilizers by mixing them thoroughly with water and spraying them on the front and back of the leaves.
Third, the use of precautions
1. Use quality microbial fertilizers. Products with low quality, effective viable counts that do not meet the specified specifications, high levels of miscellaneous bacteria or have expired periods cannot be applied.
2. Minimize the death of microorganisms in the fertilizer when applied. Direct sunlight should be avoided. When seed dressing, it should be operated in a cool place. After seed dressing, it should be planted in time and immediately covered with soil. General bacterial fertilizer should not be mixed with harmful pesticides or chemical fertilizers.
3. Create a suitable soil environment. Application on acidic soil should be carried out after neutralizing soil acidity. When the soil is too dry, it should be poured in time. After the heavy rain, it is necessary to eliminate the accumulated water in the field in time to improve the permeability of the soil.
4. Promote the application of different microbial fertilizers according to local conditions. For example, rhizobial fertilizer should be widely applied on legume crops, and phosphate-dissolving and potassium-dissolving microbial fertilizers should be applied to soils with higher nutrient potential.
5. Avoid long-term use after opening the bag. After the bag is opened for a long time, other bacteria may invade the bag, causing the microbial flora in the fertilizer to change, affecting the use effect.
6. Avoid use under high temperature and drought conditions. Microorganisms in microorganisms under high temperature and drought conditions will be affected by survival and reproduction, and will not play a good role. Therefore, it should be chosen in the evening application on cloudy or sunny days, combined with cover soil, cover manure, watering and other measures to prevent microbial fertilizer from being exposed to direct sunlight or due to insufficient water.
7. Avoid mixing with unfertilized farmyard manure. When mixed with unfertilized organic fertilizer, it will kill microorganisms due to high temperature and affect the exertion of microbial fertilizer.
Source: Scientific breeding
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