The official level wants to pressure, the fire scene is not allowed! !

The first and most important thing is to determine the strategy. Is it offensive or defensive? The strategy determines the general direction of the current fire fighting action. A U.S. fire police officer recently gave a rather plausible definition of strategic offense:

"Each strategic offense means that firefighters are in danger of injury."

In view of this, as long as the strategy requires firefighters to be in a collapsed danger zone of a building, this strategy is offensive. This way of looking at the situation is very clever and shows the nature of the matter.

In order to accomplish a specific goal, are we (as an organization) ready to put our people at risk? If it is not ready, it is best to stay outside the collapsed area of ​​the building.

This problem is only solved by (briefly) risk assessment: weighing the dangers that will be faced and the goals that we want to achieve.

The strategy is chosen to accomplish one or more strategic tasks, including:

● save people

● Reduce the damage to fire building

● Prevent the spread of fire

● Avoid or limit environmental pollution

For the selection of internal and external attacks, our Dutch counterparts proposed a quadrant model to assist the commander in making correct decisions. It broadened the traditional concept of “strategic attack and strategic defense”.

They point out that fire fighters can perform strategic offensives from outside the building and call them strategic offensive attacks. There are several situations of this type, most of which need to be carried out in the collapsed area of ​​the building.

This fits perfectly with the definition given by our colleague in the United States. These situations require the use of a squirt gun. And even a transitional attack begins with an external attack.

The quadrant model is a subtle demonstration of "transitions between quadrants." Nowadays in many fire scenes, it is wise to first attack from the outside, reduce the heat release rate of the fire, and reduce the danger by inerting the smoke.

Then start the attack again, from one quadrant to another quadrant, which is a very valuable way of thinking. Another example of the transition occurred was that the attack group thought it was too dangerous to retreat outside the house. Usually defensive actions will follow.

However, there are also some skeptical voices for this model, and the arguments of the problem are mainly focused on the fact that this model makes things complicated insignificantly.

Dutch firefighting believes that the four quadrants represent four tactics, but in the article they are regarded as the result of strategic choices. There is no consensus internationally on this issue. Nevertheless, the part on "strategic offensive strategy" and "transition between quadrants" is also very useful.

There is another way to introduce this strategic decision: firefighters can take offensive or defensive actions. In a literal sense, defensiveness is outside the collapsed area of ​​the building. Offensive can be inside or outside the collapsed area.

After the strategic goal is determined, it must be implemented immediately, make a decision, attack or defense.

The command must first be communicated to all firefighters present, which determines how much freedom they have to play.

Case number one

March 23, 2003, Haarlem, the Netherlands a Church (King Chapel) fire. The field commander chose strategic defense.

Due to the danger of collapse, he ordered a road to be cleared and blocked, but the three firefighters still walked into the blockade area. They may not have heard the order, or they may not understand that the strategic defense means that they should not stand in the collapsed area. .

As they marched, a wall of the church collapsed outward. The three firemen were buried under the rubble and sacrificed.

In order to avoid the recurrence of the Haarlem tragedy, every level of firefighters must be aware of the strategy they are carrying out.

So everyone understands that different choices (strategic - tactical - technical) mean something important.

In some countries, the commander will communicate in the walkie-talkie after making a decision. For example: "We begin strategic offensive." This is an important announcement.

Units that have not arrived at the scene know what to do after arrival, and personnel present will also adjust their assessment and anticipation of the fire. Every change in strategy must be communicated through the walkie-talkie. In some cases, all grassroots commanders have to reply that they have received the news.

Large-span fires are a good example of this: the first-to-water tanker begins its attack on the order of the vehicle commander. After the second water tanker arrived at the scene, it began to lay the water supply line, and another gun was used to support the attack.

Five minutes later, the commander arrived. He judged that the fire was still expanding, and that all possible trapped people were outside the building, so the strategy focused on keeping the building.

However, when the on-site commanders found that the personnel on the court were unable to suppress the fire, they needed to shift the strategic goal from offensive to defensive.

Once a decision has been made, he will make an announcement on the radio, ordering the subordinate to evacuate the building and take a defensive stance. Ideally, he also needs the grassroots commander to answer the situation.

Case 2

Fire alarms will mobilize several units when handling industrial fires. Firefighters saw a lot of smoke on the way to the scene. A few minutes later, the first tanker arrives and what they see in their eyes is what is shown in Figure 6 .

The grassroots commander must determine whether there are people trapped inside the building within a short period of time. If not, he must choose a strategic defense. Such a fire can not be safely disposed of by a water tanker.

He wants to do CAN ( conditions , actions , needs ) briefings (on-site situations, actions, other needs) on the radio and shows that he chose strategic defense.

2,

Once the overall strategy is determined, the correct tactics must be chosen. The big framework has been set up, the basic strategy has been determined, and the following needs specific implementation.

The on-site commander must propose a fire extinguishing plan. To successfully handle an accident, there are many tactical method options.

Therefore, the fire suppression plan consists of a series of tactics that need to be performed in sequence or simultaneously. Some of the more important tactics on the fire scene are:

Internal attack

Transitional offense

Attack

First round search and rescue

Tactical smoke

External rescue (using a ladder)

Water supply

Second search (to avoid missing)

Protect or shut down facilities (live, air, etc.)

In the case of personnel needing assistance, internal attacks can also help achieve the strategic goal of “saving people”. After the fire is extinguished, the situation will more or less stabilize.

Another group of players performing "search and rescue" tactics must ensure that all trapped people inside the building have been rescued.

Every tactic requires time and space. When selecting tactics, commanders must take into account on-site conditions, dangers, and available resources.

If he chooses a strategic offense, his next step is clearly an inside attack. However, if the situation changes, the fire develops to the stage of complete combustion. The fire breaks through the window and is within the range of the water gun. The transitional attack is also an option.

The tactical goal is also to extinguish the fire, but there is a risk of personal sacrifice in the internal attack, so consider the higher risk when choosing this tactic. In addition, the transitional attack can control the fire more quickly and is also advantageous in terms of time.

Finally, the rapid extinguishing of fires can prevent the spread of fire. People in adjacent rooms are relatively safe for a longer period of time and buildings are less damaged.

According to this, the transitional offense can be defined as: "From the outside of the building, we can quickly crack down on the fire that is in full combustion, and turn it into a fuel-controlled combustion."

Commanders need to distinguish between priorities: Water tankers are often the first to arrive at the scene. If there are six people in the vehicle , the commander can deploy four firefighters. The four can perform a tactical operation together or they can separate. Two actions were taken and they could no longer perform other tasks during these operations.

In addition, the fire field communication is also very important. After the commander determines the tactical method, he should immediately give an order. Each firefighter must understand his own task.

When other units arrive at the scene, the commander should do a CAN briefing (on-site situation, action, other needs). The "demand" piece can be used to convey the next tactical action.

To do this, the commander can set the building's exterior walls to A, B, C, and D (see Figure 7 ). In this way, other commanders have a clear understanding of what happened on site and where it happened.

Case three

Imagine 3 o'clock in the morning and the tanker arrives at a house that is in full combustion. On the ground floor there was a room with flames that ran out and the residents informed firefighters that no one else was in the house except that their son was still asleep in his room.

In this case, a strategic offense should be quickly adopted. The tanker commander selected transitional offensive: a two-man team connected the fire truck directly with a 45mm hose through a reduced-diameter interface, and the other team laid a hose to start the attack.

In this way, she also arranged four tactics for "transitional offense." Once the fire was suppressed, the second group started the attack and the first group turned to the first round of search and rescue. They first searched for the location of the bedroom given by their parents.

A few minutes later, the general commander arrived. The fire commander made the following CAN briefing: “When we arrived at the scene, we found that the fire on the first floor had been fully burned, and one child was trapped. We made a transitional attack and we are now conducting internal attacks and the first round of search and rescue. Requires smoke, water and secondary search."

The general commander can then quickly check his assessment of the situation, and then communicate the next tactics to the second tanker commander, which is typically smoke and water supply. After all, there was only one trapped person and a group of people was already searching for the rescue. Sending another team to the same room is not only unnecessary but even counterproductive.

If there is more than one trapped person in the building, the general commander will issue different orders: First, ask the driver for the remaining amount of water. According to the answer, he will send a second group to search for rescue or find water.

Case four

January 8, 2017, tielt fire brigade received a fire alarm apartment together. Fortunately, the accident site was only 1.3 kilometers away from the fire brigade . The fire department quickly mobilized two water tank trucks, a command vehicle, an ascend platform truck, and a water supply vehicle. Upon arrival, it found that the fire was developing rapidly (see Figure 1.2.3 for details). ).

One of the several tactics included in the scene was the selection of strategic offensives. The use of an ascending platform car helped rescue trapped people who had escaped to the balcony. Compared with the conventional ladder trucks, the deployment and erection of the platform trucks are relatively slow, and this period of time is very long in the eyes of trapped persons.

During this period, trapped people have been subjected to flame heat radiation. This is a standard transitional offense: the fire is suppressed from the outside, a group of people attack in-house, and a group of people rescues trapped people through an ascendant.

This article reprints WeChat public number: Orange rescue.